March to The Top Risky Opportunity for New Defense Minister
Visiting the troops in Afghanistan last week -- Germany's first female defense minister, Ursula von der Leyen.
Foto: Maurizio Gambarini / dpaUrsula von der Leyen smiles the smile of someone who made it. Relaxed, almost nonchalant, she approaches German President Joachim Gauck, who has in his hand the document officially naming her Germany's first female defense minister. Gauck gives von der Leyen a firm handshake. Von der Leyen smiles. Both turn to face the photographers.
The cameras click for four seconds, she holds the pose longer than any of the other ministers. Von der Leyen thanks Gauck. Next, she turns to Angela Merkel who says, "I look forward to working with you." Soon after, she's standing in front of Thomas de Maizière, her predecessor as defense minister.
De Maizière wants to simply extend his hand and offer brief congratulations -- for him, that would be enough. But von der Leyen is faster: She takes him by surprise, opening her arms and enveloping her colleague in a hug. De Maizière is startled, but then plays along, valiantly smiling as the cameras click away. A kiss on each cheek, then von der Leyen moves on.
It takes quite an amount of chutzpah to hug a man after you've just taken away his beloved job. But von der Leyen is capable of doing whatever it takes to get a good photo op, and did so at the Bellevue presidential palace, in Berlin on December 17, when she was officially appointed to her new post. Von der Leyen has always had a talent for easing the bitter taste of her ambition with a sweet coating of harmony. It's a method that has brought her far.
Germany now has a new government -- it has a few surprises in store, and one of them has been Ursula von der Leyen. Not only has she battled her way up to become the first female defense minister in German history, she has also managed along the way to reorganize the hierarchy of her party, the Christian Democratic Union (CDU).
Within the CDU, two women are in charge now. Merkel at the top, and von der Leyen as her second in command. Then there's a considerable gap between them and the next in line. De Maizière, who had been all set to slip into the role of crown prince, was forced to make way so that von der Leyen could receive a ministerial post. That step fits in with her ambition and her desire to invent a new story for herself.
Political Minefield For von der Leyen
De Maizière is now interior minister, a position of power in any government, yet he is the loser in this situation and he knows it. He doesn't want to give up, though. Merkel is entering her third term in office and remains undisputed within the CDU, but there's a debate developing over who should one day succeed her. Any politician who aspires to do so needs to start getting into position now. Von der Leyen has done so, and de Maizière plans to do so.
One plus point from de Maizière's point of view is the fact that his rival has just taken on a politically risky ministry. Any file at the Defense Ministry's Berlin headquarters might turn out to contain the next arms scandal, any skirmish in Afghanistan could trigger an avalanche of critical questions, every closure of a base could bring about a storm of public outrage. There's no doubt about it, as the person who now holds the power of command over Germany's armed forces, von der Leyen is marching into a political minefield, and the word from within party circles is that not a few people within the CDU, including de Maizière, are watching eagerly to see whether von der Leyen will prove herself or fail.
But this is what she wanted. And she got her way.
Since the fog surrounding the formation of the new cabinet lifted, an ugly word is making the rounds in Berlin -- extortion. That word was tossed around once before in the context of these two women, when von der Leyen forced the chancellor to change course this spring on the issue of a gender quota. Merkel hasn't forgotten that.
Is that history now repeating itself? Extortion is a strong word, but a look at the steps that went into the formation of the new government makes it clear that no one in the CDU has put as much pressure on Merkel in recent weeks as von der Leyen. Merkel knew she would ultimately have to grant von der Leyen's wish.
Von der Leyen's path to the Defense Ministry began a couple days after the federal election on September 22. At that point, it was unclear with which of its potential partners the CDU would ultimately form a governing coalition. In a one-on-one discussion, von der Leyen and the chancellor ran through all the possibilities, as well as addressing the question of what should become of von der Leyen herself.
Both politicians knew that if they formed a grand coalition with the Social Democratic Party (SPD), that party would lay claim to the Labor Ministry, which von der Leyen has headed for the last four years. In her conversation with Merkel, von der Leyen indicated her willingness to consider various options, but made one thing unambiguously clear -- she did not want to be health minister. In fact, the implication was, she would rather have no post at all than have that. The Chancellery was left with the impression that, if push came to shove, von der Leyen would go without a cabinet post entirely. These days, though, no one is willing to describe what passed between the two politicians that day as a "threat."
Von der Leyen is a qualified doctor, but doesn't think that would be of any benefit in the Health Ministry. The work there, she says, isn't about treating illnesses but about managing the complicated system of funding health care. That's certainly true, but von der Leyen's real motive is a different one. After heading the Labor Ministry, with its €120 billion ($160 billion) budget, moving to the Health Ministry would be a step to the side, or perhaps even a step down. Von der Leyen doesn't want to end up with the country's newspapers announcing that she is the great loser in the new government. So far, her career has moved in only one direction, and that direction is up.
Icon of the Working Mother
Part of the secret of von der Leyen's success lies in her ability to continually reinvent herself. When the CDU was in opposition, she was a fervent supporter of Merkel's neoliberal reform plans. As family minister in the first great coalition under Merkel, von der Leyen became the icon of the working mother. Then, in the Labor Ministry under a coalition of the CDU and the Free Democratic Party (FDP), she was the compassionate conservative, deeply concerned about the fate of poor retirees, the kind of politician who would have liked to personally bring every schoolchild a warm lunch each day. And now, the politician once nicknamed "Röschen" ("Little Rose") is responsible for rifles and cannons.
When Merkel and von der Leyen parted following that conversation in late September, the minister had no clear answer as to what her future would hold. But she came away with the impression that Merkel would not shunt her into an unimportant ministry.
The relationship between Merkel and von der Leyen is a complicated one. They keep a wary eye on one another, but at the same time they need each other. Merkel took it as disloyalty when, in the quarrel this spring over the gender quota, von der Leyen went behind her back to initiate an alliance with the SPD and the Green Party. Ultimately, though, the chancellor didn't relieve von der Leyen of her post, in part because the minister draws young, modern women to the party.
In recent weeks as well, Merkel seems to have watched von der Leyen's actions with mixed emotions. She understood von der Leyen's desire for a ministry with substance. On the other hand, the chancellor didn't want to allow herself to be pressured, not even by one of her most important ministers. There is nothing Merkel hates more than to feel she's being forced to make a decision.
Still, the chancellor did want to promote von der Leyen -- at least, that's what Merkel's aides say. Her problem was simply that for quite a while it looked like she would have nothing to offer. It became clear in the course of the coalition negotiations with the SPD that Frank-Walter Steinmeier would return to the Foreign Ministry, one post that would otherwise have appealed to von der Leyen. De Maizière, meanwhile, was determined to remain on as defense minister, seeing this as the only way to smooth back out the dent the recent drone scandal had left in his reputation.
The idea that a woman could be appointed defense minister is one Merkel has carried with her for a while. Once, years ago, she told her confidante Annette Schavan she felt it was time to finally place this last bastion of masculinity into female hands.
At the time, it was nothing more than chat. Now, though, in the course of the coalition negotiations, it became a concrete option. All that remained was for Merkel to find another place for de Maizière. That was the sticking point. So she initiated a conversation on the matter with Horst Seehofer, head of the CDU's sister party the Christian Social Union (CSU). Even before the coalition negotiations were complete, the chancellor pulled Seehofer aside and said, "We need to talk."
For some time now, Merkel told Seehofer in a one-on-one conversation, she had been less than happy with the work of Interior Minister Hans-Peter Friedrich, also of the CSU. That sort of comment is usually taken as a provocation. According to the unwritten rules of politics in Berlin, the head of the CDU isn't entitled to pass judgment on the politicians its sister party appoints ministerial posts.
But here Merkel was in luck, because Seehofer took a similarly critical view of Friedrich's track record. Since Seehofer didn't have a suitable replacement candidate to offer to replace Friedrich, by the end of the coalition negotiations it had been determined that the CSU would give up its claim to the Interior Ministry.
The way was now clear.
On the evening of Thursday, December 12, Merkel summoned von der Leyen to the Chancellery and offered her the post of defense minister. The conversation lasted 20 minutes. Von der Leyen eagerly accepted. A woman in command of over 180,000 soldiers -- that is the stuff from which great stories are made.
Now all that was left was for de Maizière to go along with the plan. The morning after her conversation with von der Leyen, the chancellor called the incumbent defense minister to the Chancellery. De Maizière arrived at 9 a.m. When Merkel broke the news that he would be made interior minister, he was flabbergasted.
In the preceding weeks, de Maizière had repeatedly stated in conversations with those close to him that he wished to remain defense minister. For him, it was partly a question of honor. He didn't want to leave the field as the minister who had screwed things up, with the sole legacy of his time in office being that he was the man who drove the several-hundred-million-euro "Euro Hawk" drone project into the ground.
For de Maizière, the Defense Ministry is an unfinished mission, and he argued as much in his conversation with Merkel. He didn't want to be shuffled around yet again. He was frustrated at the way he's painted as a bureaucrat whom those who hold the real power can order about from one place to another as they choose. He had served this way his entire career, de Maizière said. Now he wanted the chance to see one thing through to the end.
Ministerial Rivalry
But Merkel stood firm. She had given von der Leyen her word. De Maizière could see that someone else was more important to his boss than he was, and eventually he gave in.
This ministerial thriller will leave a mark, that much is certain. The long-distance duel between von der Leyen and de Maizière will color the coming years, as they tussle to determine who is the second in line after Merkel and who will be her successor once she leaves office.
The first round went to von der Leyen, the woman for whom two men had to step aside, former Interior Minister Friedrich and former Defense Minister de Maizière.
But that doesn't mean things will necessarily remain that way. In Berlin, the word about de Maizière's view of the situation is making the rounds. Von der Leyen, he says, must first prove herself in a "tough ministry, on the front line." Her previous ministerial posts, de Maizière suggests, were comparatively easy options. The Defense Ministry has indeed spelled the end of many a minister, and the list of those who have resigned from the post is long, extending from Franz Josef Strauss to Manfred Wörner to Rudolf Scharping. Only a few have managed to convert a stint as defense minister into a move on to greater things. One such exception is Helmut Schmidt, who held the office from 1969 and 1972 before continuing on to become finance minister and later chancellor.
De Maizière, for his part, has a plan as to how he will score over von der Leyen. Within the Interior Ministry, he plans to present himself as a conservative -- on the chancellor's instructions, it's said. The CDU has ceded socio-politically important ministries to the SPD, including the Family Ministry and the Labor Ministry. In his new post, de Maizière is to serve as a counterbalance, with socially conservative and economically liberal positions.
There is a quiet longing within the CDU for just such an approach. Many traditional CDU voters remain disconcerted by Merkel's modernizing approach. The idea is for de Maizière not to reverse these changes, but to offer skeptics among the party's conservative voters something to hold onto. He tried out this approach once before, at the CDU's 2011 party convention in Leipzig, when he outlined his overall principles in just a few sentences. Being conservative, de Maizière said, is practically speaking a question of style, attitude and decency. He offered no concrete content, yet garnered plenty of applause. Now de Maizière wants to carry that approach further. "Serve" is one of his favorite words.
But will his new ministry yield the opportunity he seeks? In his time as interior minister from fall 2009 to spring 2011, by and large de Maizière confused his party's traditionalists. He wasn't exactly seen as a tough champion of domestic security. His primary topic was rifts in German society, rather the needs of the country's security authorities. In this parliamentary term he will initiate a law allowing dual citizenship. This too doesn't exactly qualify him as the CDU's top conservative.
But the race is not yet run.
In a headcount of the two rivals' friends and supporters within the CDU and its parliamentary group, at the moment de Maizière would likely come out ahead, while von der Leyen is more of a solitary figure. Everyone knows how important she is in elections and how well-liked she is among the general population, but she can't seem to shed her reputation as a lone wolf willing to leave aside loyalty if it will make a good headline. Von der Leyen may be deputy party chair, but she has no support base within the CDU.
Then there's her new job and all its attendant risks. Von der Leyen has already made the first personnel changes within her new ministry. Experienced politician Rüdiger Wolf, a state secretary within the Defense Ministry, is out, replaced by Gerd Hoofe, von der Leyen's confidant of many years, who was at her side during her time at the Family Ministry and Labor Ministry. But Stéphane Beemelmans, the other tenured state secretary, until now always at de Maizière's side, was allowed to stay. Beemelmans does bear part of the responsibility for the drone scandal, but he is also familiar with all the ministry's pitfalls, which makes von der Leyen reluctant to do without him just yet.
Besides, Beemelmans serves as the perfect lightning rod. If von der Leyen is forced to admit to mistakes in the coming months, Beemelmans is there as a convenient pawn to sacrifice. He is also to continue to hold responsibility for the Defense Ministry's scandal-prone armaments division and here, too, the new minister can shift responsibility at any time.
The question that remains is whether von der Leyen in fact wants to be chancellor. When asked about this, she replies that every generation in Germany produces just one chancellor, and in her generation that chancellor is Merkel. Yet no other CDU politician has fought so hard to get ahead in recent years as von der Leyen. This constant speculation as to her true goals flatters her. She likes being considered chancellor material. Many of those close to Merkel, too, assume that if the opportunity presents itself, the mother of seven will grab it.
In any case, von der Leyen is enjoying the sensation that her new position has caused. When she arrived at the Bundestag on December 17 to elect the new chancellor, few were in as high spirits as von der Leyen, who was thronged by a crowd of well-wishers. As she made her way through the east lobby, she joked with colleagues, "First I need to learn how to stride." That applies to the minefield ahead of her as well.
NIKOLAUS BLOME, MATTHIAS GEBAUER, ANN-KATRIN MÜLLER; PETER MÜLLER; RENÉ PFISTER; GORDON REPINSKI